11 KiB
| title | tags | description | date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fuzzy Search Hashcat Modes | [Pentesting FZF Linux ZSH] | Hashcat is an amazing tool for cracking hashes but the syntax leaves a bit to be desired. This article explains one way to improve the experience of selecting modes by overriding ZSH's built in tab-completion using FZF. | 2020-02-24 |
There is little doubt that Hashcat is an amazing tool for cracking hashes. Unfortunately, the command syntax leaves quite a lot to be desired. My focus today is on Hashcat's modes. Here is a snippet from the help page:
- [ Hash modes ] -
# | Name | Category
======+==================================================+======================================
900 | MD4 | Raw Hash
0 | MD5 | Raw Hash
5100 | Half MD5 | Raw Hash
100 | SHA1 | Raw Hash
1300 | SHA2-224 | Raw Hash
1400 | SHA2-256 | Raw Hash
10800 | SHA2-384 | Raw Hash
1700 | SHA2-512 | Raw Hash
17300 | SHA3-224 | Raw Hash
17400 | SHA3-256 | Raw Hash
17500 | SHA3-384 | Raw Hash
17600 | SHA3-512 | Raw Hash
17700 | Keccak-224 | Raw Hash
I don't know about you, but remembering the hash numbers for more than 2 or 3 of the most common hash types is not something I can do. My old solution was to run hashcat --example-hashes | less -i then search for the hash I was looking for. This worked, but still felt inefficient.
Doesn't this look easier:
If all you want to do is implement this, simply download the relevant file and source it in either your .bashrc or your .zshrc.
You will need to make sure you have FZF insatlled.
If you're interested in finding out how it works, carry on reading.
Introducing FZF
FZF is a fuzzy finder for the command line. It provides a way of interactively selecting an item from a list.
The most common use case is searching through files or folders but it will search through anything you give it.
It takes its input list (the things to search through) from stdin, it then pipes the choice to stdout, making it very easy to use with other command line tools like find, awk, grep and, you guessed it, hashcat.
Input list
FZF expects each choice to be on its own line. So, we need to get a list of hashcat modes and their names to search through on individual lines.
Hashcat gives us a list of example hashes which include everything we need to get started.
$ hashcat --example-hashes
MODE: 0
TYPE: MD5
HASH: 8743b52063cd84097a65d1633f5c74f5
PASS: hashcat
MODE: 10
TYPE: md5($pass.$salt)
HASH: 3d83c8e717ff0e7ecfe187f088d69954:343141
PASS: hashcat
...
We can use normal command line tools like awk to put the parts we are interested in on one line.
The RS stands for record separator. We are telling awk that an empty line, should be used to delimit each record.
Inside the awk expression, we replace all new lines with tabs, then print the first and second fields.
$ hashcat --example-hashes | awk -v RS="\n\n" -F "\t" '{gsub("\n","\t",$0); print $1 "\t" $2 }'
MODE: 0 TYPE: MD5
MODE: 10 TYPE: md5($pass.$salt)
MODE: 11 TYPE: Joomla < 2.5.18
MODE: 12 TYPE: PostgreSQL
MODE: 20 TYPE: md5($salt.$pass)
MODE: 21 TYPE: osCommerce, xt:Commerce
MODE: 22 TYPE: Juniper NetScreen/SSG (ScreenOS)
MODE: 23 TYPE: Skype
MODE: 30 TYPE: md5(utf16le($pass).$salt)
MODE: 40 TYPE: md5($salt.utf16le($pass))
...
And sed to remove the words MODE and TYPE
$ hashcat --example-hashes | awk -v RS="\n\n" -F "\t" '{gsub("\n","\t",$0); print $1 "\t" $2 }' | sed 's/MODE: //; s/TYPE: //'
0 MD5
10 md5($pass.$salt)
11 Joomla < 2.5.18
12 PostgreSQL
20 md5($salt.$pass)
21 osCommerce, xt:Commerce
22 Juniper NetScreen/SSG (ScreenOS)
23 Skype
30 md5(utf16le($pass).$salt)
40 md5($salt.utf16le($pass))
...
This step could have been done with awk as well but, in my tests, sed was quicker, even though awk was already being used.
This is now ready to pipe into fzf. This should give you a choice of hashes and types you can search through. Once you've chosen, it will print out your choice to stdout.
Excellent, you could add an alias now in your .bashrc (or equivalent) like this:
alias hashcatsearch='hashcat --example-hashes | awk -v RS="\n\n" -F "\t" '{gsub("\n","\t",$0); print $1 "\t" $2 }' | sed "s/MODE: //; s/TYPE: //" | fzf'
Making it look nice
FZF also provides a lot of formatting options. Check out man fzf for all of them. Below is my preference:
hashcat --example-hashes | awk -v RS="\n\n" -F "\t" '{gsub("\n","\t",$0); print $1 "\t" $2 "\t" $3}' | sed 's/MODE: //; s/TYPE: //' | fzf -d "\t" --header="Mode Type" --with-nth='1,2' --preview='echo {3}' --preview-window=up:1 --height=40%
You will see that it adds an example hash to a preview window at the top, it limits fzf to 40% of the height of the terminal and it adds a header line.
Tab Completion
This is better than less, but it is still another command. What we really want is to trigger this when we would normally do tab completion. Well, we can. Instructions will vary though, based on your shell. If you're not sure, you are probably running bash although you can check by running
echo $SHELL
I have solutions here for Bash and ZSH. If you are running something else, I'm afraid I can't help you.
Bash
# To redraw line after fzf closes (printf '\e[5n')
bind '"\e[0n": redraw-current-line'
_fzf_complete_hashcat() {
toAdd=""
if [ -n "${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" ]; then
toAdd="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]} "
prevArgNo="$COMP_CWORD"
else
prevArgNo="$(($COMP_CWORD - 1))"
fi
if [[ "${COMP_WORDS[prevArgNo]}" == "-m" || "${COMP_WORDS[prevArgNo]}" == "--hash-type" ]]; then
local selected
echo ""
selected=$(hashcat --example-hashes | awk -v RS="\n\n" -F "\t" '{gsub("\n","\t",$0); print $1 "\t" $2 "\t" $3}' | sed 's/MODE: //; s/TYPE: //' | fzf -d "\t" --header="Mode Type" --with-nth='1,2' --preview='echo {3}' --preview-window=up:1 --reverse --height 40% | cut -d' ' -f1)
if [ -n "$selected" ]; then
printf "\e[5n"
COMPREPLY=( "$toAdd$selected" )
return 0
fi;
fi
}
complete -F _fzf_complete_hashcat -o default -o bashdefault hashcat
In bash, you can provide a function that produces a list of options to tab complete with. For more info on how this works, read man bash, there is a section called Completing.
The possible completions are put in an array called COMPREPLY. If there is only one option, that is automatically inserted into your command line prompt.
The function used to complete hashcat is where the fun stuff happens. There is a bit of logic at the top that is used to determine whether or not we have entered a space after the -m. This is important because if there is no space, bash will replace the current word with the completion. It is therefore important that the current word is included in the suggestion.
The rest of the function should be quite self explanatory, it uses the command we built above to make a selection. If a selection is made, COMPREPLY is set to an array with only one value, the selected value and (if no space was entered) the argument that was typed. Since the COMPREPLY array is of length 1, it is automatically appended to the command line being typed.
The last part of interest are the lines
bind '"\e[0n": redraw-current-line'
and
printf "\e[5n"
These are special escape sequences that are for determining if the terminal is functioning correctly. When \e5[n is sent to the terminal, it should respond with \e[0n. We listen for this and ask bash to redraw the current line. For more on this, check man console_codes.
Unfortunately, this relies on a terminal that supports DSR sequences. Most do, but not all. If you experience a problem where you select a hash and the whole line is replaced by the hash you chose, it is very likely that your terminal emulator doesn't support these codes. A possible work around is to push ctrl-l which will clear your terminal screen and will also cause the current line to be re-drawn. If you do have this problem, you might be interested in switching to Zsh. The ZSH solution doesn't rely on these DSR codes.
ZSH
hashcat-fzf-completion() {
local tokens cmd append
setopt localoptions noshwordsplit noksh_arrays noposixbuiltins
# http://zsh.sourceforge.net/FAQ/zshfaq03.html
# http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Expansion.html#Parameter-Expansion-Flags
tokens=(${(z)LBUFFER})
if [ ${#tokens} -lt 1 ]; then
zle ${HCcomplete_default_completion:-expand-or-complete}
return
fi
cmd=${tokens[1]}
if [[ "$cmd" == "hashcat" ]]; then
if [[ "${tokens[-1]}" == "-m" || "${tokens[-1]}" == "--hash-type" ]]; then
append=$(hashcat --example-hashes | awk -v RS="\n\n" -F "\t" '{gsub("\n","\t",$0); print $1 "\t" $2 "\t" $3}' | sed 's/MODE: //; s/TYPE: //' | fzf -d "\t" --header="Mode Type" --with-nth='1,2' --preview='echo {3}' --preview-window=up:1 --reverse --height=40% | cut -d' ' -f1)
if [ -n "$append" ]; then
# Make sure that we are adding a space
if [[ "${LBUFFER[-1]}" != " " ]]; then
LBUFFER="${LBUFFER} "
fi
LBUFFER="${LBUFFER}${append}"
zle reset-prompt
return 0
fi
zle reset-prompt
else
zle ${HCcomplete_default_completion:-expand-or-complete}
fi
else
zle ${HCcomplete_default_completion:-expand-or-complete}
fi
}
[ -z "$HCcomplete_default_completion" ] && {
binding=$(bindkey '^I')
[[ $binding =~ 'undefined-key' ]] || HCcomplete_default_completion=$binding[(s: :w)2]
unset binding
}
zle -N hashcat-fzf-completion
bindkey '^I' hashcat-fzf-completion
fi
In ZSH, we do things slightly differently. Instead of using a completion function, we override the binding for the tab key. For legacy reasons, when you push tab, you shell sees Ctrl_I, that is why the binding is for ^I.
First, we look to see what (if anything) the tab key is bound to and store it in a variable. This is so we can run the old tab completion if it isn't a hashcat mode completion.
Once inside the function, it is very similar. Rather than returning a COMPREPLY array, we simply set the LBUFFER variable and we can cause a re-draw of the prompt by running zle reset-prompt.
Finally, if the command isn't hashcat or the previous argument isn't -m, we simply run whatever the tab key was previously bound to.